[440] There are over 193 ethnic groups nationwide. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. [512] International Women's Day on 8 March, gained momentum in Russia during the Soviet era. [540] In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. (zamkcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'lock') and (zmokcode: rus promoted to code: ru , 'castle')), or to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. [482] The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation oversees the Russian public healthcare system, and the sector employs more than two million people. From the 7th century onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in western Russia,[50] and slowly but peacefully assimilated the native Finnic peoples. [citation needed], All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF-8. [358] It has the world's largest proven gas reserves,[359] the second-largest coal reserves,[360] the eighth-largest oil reserves,[361] and the largest oil shale reserves in Europe. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. Text taken from Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security, International Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency. [102] In early 1917, Nicholas II was forced to abdicate; he and his family were imprisoned and later executed in Yekaterinburg during the Russian Civil War. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. 1, 2018 (In Print), Weekly 571 572 14 31 2013. [383] It is home to the world's finest caviar, the beluga; and produces about one-third of all canned fish, and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish. [213], Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[7] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. ? ", " : . [25] Radiocarbon dated specimens from Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains estimate the oldest Denisovan specimen lived 195122,700 years ago. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. "Was it you who ate the cookie?") Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. [citation needed], The Russian language in the world declined after 1991 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and decrease in the number of Russians in the world and diminution of the total population in Russia (where Russian is an official language), however this[clarification needed] has since been reversed. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [623] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. It is the native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European language family. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly Russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. [603] Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". [474] The Ministry of Education of Russia is responsible for primary and secondary education, as well as vocational education; while the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia is responsible for science and higher education. The gradual but steady emergence of the Grand Principality of Moscow (12631547) later the Tsardom of Russia from 1547 as the dominant and ever-expanding polity of the Rus', necessitated the earliest attempts at standardization of the East Slavic language based on the Moscow dialect. [7], Russia is among the five recognised nuclear-weapons states, with the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons; over half of the world's nuclear weapons are owned by Russia. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. [432], Since the 1990s, Russia's death rate has exceeded its birth rate, which some analysts have called a demographic crisis. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. [citation needed], Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. [596][597] Pirozhki,[598] blini,[599] and syrniki are native types of pancakes. [350], Railway transport in Russia is mostly under the control of the state-run Russian Railways. [289] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[290] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers. [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. [326][327] Chechens and Ingush in Russian prisons reportedly take more abuse than other ethnic groups. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. [citation needed], Feudal divisions and conflicts between rival polities created obstacles to the exchange of goods and ideas between the early medieval Rus' principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. [632][633] The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. [72], Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks. [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. [616] Russia has the largest video gaming market in Europe, with over 65 million players nationwide. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. ", "Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship", "Putin's aggressive autocracy reduces Russian soft power to ashes", "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption", "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective", "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery", "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System", "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine", "Russia Sees a Threat in Its Converts to Islam", "U.S. Report Says Russia Among 'Worst Violators' Of Religious Freedom", "Russian killings and kidnaps extend dirty war in Ingushetia", "Putin's Savage War Against Russia's 'New Muslims', "Russian Crackdown on Muslims Fuels Exodus to IS", "Abuse of Chechens and Ingush in Russian Prisons Creates Legions of Enemies", "Russia is depopulating parts of eastern Ukraine, forcibly removing thousands into remote parts of Russia", "International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)", "List of importing markets for the product exported by Russian Federation in 2021", "List of supplying markets for the product imported by Russian Federation in 2021", "Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security Analysis", "Will Russia ever leave fossil fuels behind? [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. [29] The discovery of high concentration cultural remains of anatomically modern humans, from at least 40,000 years ago, was found at KostyonkiBorshchyovo,[30] and at Sungir, dating back to 34,600 years agoboth in western Russia. [335] It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincar conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006. Additional courses on the Russian language are open at two schools of the Cuban capital city. [514], Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow's Red Square;[515] and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event. The number of listed words or entries in some of the major dictionaries published during the past two centuries, are as follows:[95][96], The history of the Russian language may be divided into the following periods:[97], Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. [299] The Russian government has been widely criticised by political dissidents and human rights activists for unfair elections,[300] crackdowns on opposition political parties and protests,[301][302] persecution of non-governmental organisations and enforced suppression and killings of independent journalists,[303][304][305] and censorship of mass media and internet. The native language of the Republic of Belarus '', `` Article 7 filled with meat dated! 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